BigBoiiLeem

Tl;dr: Yes, I was driving a battered car, and a piston came through the bonnet, and tore up the engine in the process.

Yes, it can. I know because it happened to me.

I was driving a 2007 Holden Astra (also known as a Vauxhall Astra), and the engine had been battered, it had about 250,000 kms on the clock, and was on its last legs. Came down a steep hill on the dual carriageway, the revs went into the red, the car made an awful noise, and one of the pistons came through the top of the engine block, smashed through the overhead cam, through the plastic that covered the engine block, and then through the bonnet. Amazingly, despite this, I was still able to get the car off the motorway before it gave up the ghost.

The reason I could do this was because due to the force of the ejection, the piston disconnected from the rest of the engine, and was just lodged stationary in the bonnet.
But, if this happened, the car would be totalled, there is absolutely no coming back from that unless you replace the entire engine.